| The
        doctrines of spiritual advancement expounded by the
        Sufis, as explained above, have their foundations in
        verses 24:55 and 66:11--12 of the Holy Quran. Hadith,
        too, provides the ground for these ideas, as shown below.
        The Holy Prophet Muhammad said: 
            ``There is not one
            prophet but a like of him is to be found among my
            followers. Abu Bakr is like Abraham, Umar is like
            Moses, Uthman is like Aaron, and Ali is like me. He
            who wishes to see Jesus, let him look at Abu Zarr
            Ghaffari.'' (Kanz
            al-Ummal, vol. vi, p. 193)   
            ``He who likes to see
            Jesus in terms of piety, let him see Abu Darda.'' (quoted
            in Mansab-i Imamat, a famous book by Sayyid
            Ismail Shaheed; see also Kanz al-Ummal, vol.
            vi, p. 169)   
            ``He who likes to see
            Abraham in his tender-heartedness, let him see Abu
            Bakr in his kindness. He who likes to see Noah in his
            firmness, let him see Umar in his bravery. He who
            likes to see Enoch in his exaltation, let him see
            Uthman in his mercy. He who likes to see John the
            Baptist in his devotions, let him see Ali in his
            state of purity.'' (Kanz
            al-Ummal, collection of Hadith, vol. vi, p. 161)   
            ``The earth shall
            never lack forty men who are the likes of Abraham, on
            account of whom you shall be given water and aid, and
            sustenance. The Majma` al-Zawa'id says that
            this saying has sound authorities.'' (Al-Khabr
            al Dal, by Imam Sayuti)   
            ``Dahya al-Kalbi
            resembles Gabriel, Urwah ibn Masud Thaqfi resembles
            Jesus, and Abdul Uzza resembles the Anti-Christ.'' (Kanz
            al-Ummal, vol. vi, p. 173)   
            ``Among the servants
            of God, there are three hundred whose hearts are like
            Adam's heart, forty whose hearts are like Moses'
            heart, seven whose hearts are like Abraham's heart,
            five whose hearts are like Gabriel's heart, three
            whose hearts are like [the angel] Michael's heart,
            and one whose heart is like [the angel] Israfil's
            heart.'' (Al-Khabr
            al-Dal by Imam Suyuti, p. 15; see also Kanz
            al-Ummal, vol. vi, p. 239). (See
            also Anne Marie Schimmel's Mystical Dimensions of
            Islam, p. 202, which mentions that the name of
            Jesus has also been added to this list in another
            version.)   
            ``The Ulama are the
            heirs of the prophets.''  (Sunan
            Abu Dawud, Kitab al-Ilm, ch. 1: `Excellence of
            knowledge'.)   
            ``The Shaikh
            [spiritual leader] among his followers is like the
            prophet among his nation.'' (This
            hadith has also been quoted in Mystical Dimensions
            of Islam, on p. 101 and p. 237.)   
            ``The Ulama of this
            nation deserve to be alongside the prophets in
            rank.'' (quoted
            by Ibn Arabi in his Futuhat Makkiyya, p. 570)   
            ``The righteous Ulama
            of this nation are heirs to the ranks of prophets.'' (ibid.)   
            ``The Ulama of my
            nation are like the Israelite prophets.''    ``The Ulama of this
            nation are like the prophets of all the nations of
            the world.''   Among the Muslims
            there shall be ``men who are spoken to by God,
            without being prophets''. (Bukhari,
            book 62, ch. 6)   
            ``The Ulama are the
            lights of the earth, and the successors of the
            prophets, and heirs to me and the other prophets.'' (Kanz
            al-Ummal, vol. v, p. 201)   Hence, it
        is quite allowable to liken non-prophets to prophets, as
        the Holy Prophet Muhammad himself likened those who were
        not prophets to prophets. |